Celebrities in politics Essay

I will come to the heart of the matter, I accept that when famous people get included inâ politics they distract from the real policy centered issues and crusades close by. Having film stars in legislative issues for supports will draw a groups and moreâ importantly casts a ballot. Since individuals adore and get enlivened by the characters played by an individual and at long last they are in truth gotten blinded by who that individual truly is. It seems as though you give a risky individual, or as I will allude to him as, â€Å"an underhanded dower† some sweets. Presently a government official by him self is a detestable dower who doesn't have treats. Without the sweets it is extremely difficult for an insidious dower to pull in little kids into a vehicle however as soon a treats, or far and away superior a child’s most loved candy is presented, this when placed into setting being a most loved entertainer, that is all the kid sees and is blinded to whomever groups the sweets, along these lines getting into the vehicle. This generally is fundamentally the response of a fixated fan when VIPs become associated with legislative issues. In the event that you truly need to analyze the reason for VIPs in legislative issues, or big name supports all in all you can make six unique classifications, building up validity, standing out, affiliated advantages, psychographic association, segment association and mass intrigue. What does this all mean? Literally nothing! All the reasons why big names are brought into a political decision are reasons that ought to be superfluous to the voters. Most famous people have never really accomplished any social work, some of them are uninformed of what’s going on, in the past certain VIPs have really discussed the standards of another person that was in there own gathering without really knowing it. Up to now I have possibly been alluding to entertainers as being big names however on the off chance that we find it in the word reference, a big name is just a popular individual, eminence acclaim. Doesn’t that mean a government official could in certainty additionally be a big name? Yes, Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Abraham Lincoln ,where government officials and VIPs in there own regard and arrived notoriety from fights they won, world changing occasions they where part of. The distinction among them and a cutting edge on-screen characters is they got popular for the things they did, it was who they where not a cover. Be that as it may, on the opposite this could likewise neutralize a politition, for example Bill Clinton, we don’t recollect him for being the president who sent the most soldiers into war ever or getting the United States out of a 250 billion dollar obligation, no, the primary thing that strikes a chord when you hear Bill Clinton is Monica Lewi nski. I’m not saying he didn’t do a great deal of beneficial things for the area Im trying to say that’s what he got the most exposure for. This time squandered on the grounds that they needed to know whether he lied. This is the way VIP hinders legislative issues, rather than hypothesizing about impugning the president for finding a blow line of work they ought to have been utilizing there assets to accumulate more insight about fear based oppressor movement in the center east. As of now the president was not, at this point a polition, he was a big name, another Paris Hilton, rather than a tape it was a dress. Let’s face it however, with regards to VIPs and legislative issues. VIPs are just all the more engaging. Who might you rather find in a meeting, Sonny Perdue (Governor or Georgia) or The Rock.

Causes and Effects of Learning Difficulties

Circumstances and end results of Learning Difficulties All learning inabilities are neurological disarranges, the impacts are from contrast in the way an individual’s mind work. Kids with learning handicaps can be as keen as their companions who don't have learning difficulties. In any case, it very well may be hard for kids with learning inabilities to peruse, compose, reason, review data, spell and intermittently make sense of things all alone without direction. Learning handicaps are normally long lasting issues and they can't be fixed or relieved. Youngsters that experience the ill effects of learning inabilities can prevail in school with the correct help and management. Guardians have a significant influence in a child’s achievement in school. Guardians ought to empower children’s qualities and know their shortcoming. They ought to comprehend the training framework and find out about procedures in conquering explicit troubles in the learning handicap by joint efforts and teaching themselves by experts. Numerous acclaimed individuals in American history had learning inabilities, for example, Albert Einstein who wasn’t ready to peruse until age nine (What is a Learning Disability? | LD OnLine, n.d.). As indicated by the National Institutes of Health one in each seven Americans experiences at any rate one learning inability. Perusing trouble overwhelms with up to 80 percent of understudies battling with perusing every day. Also, fundamental perusing and language capacities are generally present in kids that experience the ill effects of learning handicaps. Present day medication has made some amazing progress in diagnosing and treating a portion of the regular learning inabilities, for example, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) and Dyslexia, just as the lesser realized Auditory Processing Disorder (APD), Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, Visual Perceptual and Visual Motor Deficit. Researchers are learning each day how to more readily analyze and expand support for those that are troubled with learning difficulties. On the off chance that a child’s learning handicap is found early enough in their life the correct direction can enable the youngster to build up the essential abilities expected to carry on with a gainful life. As of late the National Institute of Health held an examination which uncovered more than 67 percent of understudies with perusing challenges turning out to be at a normal level or above in perusing after unique assistance was given in early evaluations. On the off chance that a parent is instructed and mindful of the early indications of learning handicaps, they can perceive potential signs early and get them help. Numerous guardians can perceive character in their youngsters that can be brought about by learning incapacities. At a preschool age if a parent sees the articulation issues, trouble following headings, slow jargon, elocut ion, inconvenience learning numbers, letters in order, hues and shapes and regularly talks later than youngsters their age they ought to get their kid checked for learning inabilities. In kindergarten through fourth grade kids with inabilities can give indications of moderate learning the associations among letters and sounds, befuddling essential words, making steady spelling and understanding mistakes and poor coordination. Through evaluation 5 and 8 kids may experience issues with penmanship, turn around letter successions, inconvenience raising companions and hell understanding non-verbal communication and outward appearances. In secondary school and through their grown-up years an individual with a learning handicap may keep on spelling erroneously, experience difficulty summing up, and trouble changing in accordance with new settings. Learning handicaps were an obscure marvel basically credited to be Minima cerebrum harm before the 1940’s. There was no distinction between an understudy with cerebrum harm, and a lower IQ, versus an understudy with a high insight and a learning incapacity (History of Learning Disabilities (Part 1), n.d.). Dr. Douglas Haddad says â€Å"children who showed challenges in learning were believed to be intellectually impeded, showed passionate unsettling influences, or be socially and socially upset. Early examinations on people with learning issues detailed that they had indistinguishable taking in issues from people who were appeared to have cerebrum harm, however seemed ordinary, in any case. Consequently, the term â€Å"minimal cerebrum damage† was presented. â€Å". Further research proposed that these learning issues were less issues with the mind itself, however more naturally animated learning incapacities. The term â€Å"minimal mind dysfunction† (MBD) was presented. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy made the President’s Panel on Mental Retardation (Chiles, 1987). Expanding measures of cases caused enthusiasm for understudy learning, and research started. â€Å"In 1969, the government perceived â€Å"specific learning disabilities† as a classification with a specialized curriculum. The idea of explicit learning inabilities alluded to a specific subgroup of understudies who didn't accomplish scholastically with their capacity, apparently because of a focal sensory system brokenness that was for the most part credited to a wide range of mental disorders.† - Dr. Douglas Haddad. Presently understudies with learning incapacities, for example, dyslexia, Auditory Processing Disorder (APD), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have exceptional projects set up for them to learn in a situation extraordinary to their necessities. Our faculties are isolated, so not everything that our ears hear is deciphered by our minds. This would be the situation with Auditory Processing Disorder (APD). Understudies with this issue can have hearing that is passing, or even better than expected for their sound-related test, yet experience difficulty learning because of the way that they can't decipher the sounds that they hear. For the normal individual the cerebrum forms sounds consistently and in a flash. With APD, some distinction blends that procedure, to a kid with APD, â€Å"Do you need to ride your bicycle or watch a movie?† might be handled or seen as â€Å"Do you like Mike or cluster cookies†. It can make straightforward inquiries or orders very hard for somebody who has been determined to have APD. Other learning issue present fundamentally the same as issues in every day assignments. Dyscalculia and Dysgraphia are two instances of other learning issue that can make the typical learning process a trou blesome and awkward experience. Dyscalculia is characterized as a scientific handicap where an individual makes some troublesome memories tackling number-crunching issues and getting a handle on math ideas. Dysgraphia is characterized as a composing inability wherein an individual thinks that its difficult to frame letter or compose inside a characterized space. Kids and grown-ups can experience the ill effects of at least one of these learning handicaps which would make traditional adapting amazingly troublesome (Understood | For Learning and Attention Issues Understood, n.d.). The got group, creators for theunderstood.org state †Many youngsters with APD additionally have dyslexia, ADHD and different conditions. Late research proposes that sound-related handling issues might be a contributing variable to dyslexia.† Professionals can analyze these diverse learning issue, and by and large they analyze them at a youthful age. There is no distinction in what these kids see or hear, yet there is a significant contrast in the manner that they get this data. They can battle in one territory, for example, Math, or English, or even memory however exceed expectations in others. Specific educators can have a significant influence in guaranteeing that these kids prevail in today’s world. Consideration deficiency hyperactivity issue had first been portrayed in 1902 by a Sir George Still, trailed by the proof that ADHD could emerge from cerebrum injury in 1923 by a Franklin Ebaugh; in 1967 the Federal Government reserves (National Institute of Mental Health) first utilized for examining impacts of energizers on kids with hyperactivity. Measurements of ADHD had started in 1972 with a little under 6% for the National Health Interview Survey, trailed by a second review in 1976 with insights closer to 5% in a period where Cylert, Dextrostat and Dexadrine had hit available to contend with Adderall (Data and Statistics | ADHD | NCBDDD | CDC, n.d.). This anyway was the start of the intervention forms which had begun to overwhelm viable acts of helping this brokenness. The paces of ADHD just kept on developing by a more slow rate, yet getting to roughly 3% every year from 1997 to 2006 and a normal of around 5% every year from 2003 to 2011, reviews indicating that the expansion is developing exponentially constantly! In 2003 the study had a measurement consequence of 7.8% for youngsters analyzed, at that point had developed to 9.5% in 2007 and in 2011 the measurement was up to 11% in kids between the ages of 4-17 (6.4 million). The normal shifted from state to state with a low 5.6% in Nevada to a high of 18.7% in Kentucky (Data and Statistics | ADHD | NCBDDD | CDC, n.d.). Children with ADHD will in general be effortlessly occupied, missing subtleties, and every now and again changing what they are doing at the exact second following a couple of moments. They experience issues concentrating on a certain something and become exhausted without any problem. Commonly they experience difficulty centering, sorting out, learning and finishing schoolwork, frequently losing things, for example, pencils and toys. Wandering off in fantasy land is normal, trouble preparing data rapidly and precisely, just as adhering to direction or guidelines. Additionally side effec ts of hyperactivity may cause battling, relentless talking, running around, experiencing issues doing errands discreetly and indiscreetly proclaim irregular remarks, show feelings without limitation (NIMH †¢ Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, n.d.). Numerous survivors of this handicap are generally neglected because of grown-ups thinking it is basically disciplinary issues, yet ADHD is developing a result of qualities, natural components, mind wounds, sweet nourishments and added substances in nourishments. ADHD is treated with prescriptions and different sorts of psychotherapy or mix of the

Writing Essays For New Moms

Writing Essays For New MomsHomeschooling essay samples can be very useful for new mothers and moms who are taking a break from their educations. As a parent who wants to assist her child, it is quite important that you have enough practice at hand when writing. After all, the essays that you write will directly influence your child's learning experiences.Some of the homeschooling essay samples for the mothers are written as a professional. These may include examples from famous writers like Shakespeare, Faulkner, Cheever and others. You might also be able to find the samples at your local library.It is vital that the mother's essay is the one she loves to read. It must speak of her and relate to her childhood experience, both good and bad. You do not want to write something she does not really like, so remember to consider her tastes and preferences. You might want to incorporate examples from your own life, particularly those from your childhood.Every mother's assignment should be s hort and concise. Remember that mothers will need time to read the complete work through and answer the questions before actually reading the entire project. In order to accomplish this, it is best that you choose the essay sample that is short and sweet, with perhaps a few anecdotes to finish it off.Mothers need to write about things that they love to talk about, and in this way, the children will be able to connect with it. This also means that you can express emotions without saying them out loud. A mother's essay should demonstrate to the children how the life of their mother is like.Homeschooling essay samples should be an appropriate way to create an overview of the home's social structure. Remember that the most important thing to teach your children about their home is how they relate to each other. Children have to be taught that they have roles in society, and how these roles are interpreted and understood by everyone else. So, write your essay in a way that you focus on h ow your home is structured, but don't let the children realize that these structures are important.The materials that you use will be what help to illustrate to the children what they are learning. A lot of these will already be familiar to you, while other works might not be exactly like them, but can help you to improve your knowledge.Most of the new mothers find that the use of materials like homeschooling essay samples are greatly beneficial for helping them to build up their ability in writing. As long as you remember that the use of essays is a very useful way to enable your children to learn, you should be able to utilize this resource in the best possible way.

Definition and Examples of Dialect in Linguistics

A dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary. The adjective dialectal describes anything related to this topic. The study of dialects is known as dialectology or sociolinguistics The term dialect is often used to characterize any way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of a language which is largely considered to be dialect-free. With that said, few people actually speak the standard variety and most language represents a dialect. Definition of Dialect A dialect is a variety of English which is associated with a particular region and/or social class. To state the obvious, speakers from different geographical regions speak English rather differently: hence we refer to Geordie (Newcastle English), New York English or Cornish English.   In addition to geographical variation, the social background of a speaker will also influence the variety of English that person speaks: two children may grow up in the same Yorkshire village, but if one is born into a wealthy family and attends an expensive private school, while the other is born into a less well-off family and attends the local state school, the two are likely to end up speaking rather different varieties of English. It is this combination of regional and social variation that I refer to collectively as dialect, (Hodson 2014). Distinctions Between Language and Dialect The very fact that language and dialect persist as separate concepts implies that  linguists  can make tidy distinctions for speech varieties worldwide. But in fact, there is no objective difference between the two: Any attempt you make to impose that kind of order on reality falls apart in the face of real evidence...English tempts one with a tidy dialect-language distinction based on intelligibility: If you can understand it without training, it’s a dialect of your own language; if you can’t, it’s a different language.   ï » ¿But because of [the] quirks of its history, English happens to lack very close relatives, and the intelligibility standard doesn’t apply consistently beyond it...In popular usage, a language is written in addition to being spoken, while a dialect is just spoken. But in the scientific sense, the world is buzzing with a cacophony of qualitatively equal dialects, often shading into one another like colors (and often mixing, too), all demonstrating how magnificently complicated human speech can be. If either [of] the terms language or dialect [has] any objective use, the best anyone can do is to say that there is no such thing as a language: Dialects are all there is, (McWhorter 2016). Distinctions Between Dialect and Accent Accents have to be distinguished from dialects. An accent is a persons distinctive pronunciation. A dialect is a much broader notion: it refers to the distinctive vocabulary and grammar of someones use of language. If you say eether and I say iyther, thats accent. We use the same word but pronounce it differently. But if you say Ive got a new dustbin and I say Ive gotten a new garbage can, thats dialect. Were using different word and sentence patterns to talk about the same thing, (Crystal and Crystal 2014). Prominence of Dialects It is sometimes thought that only a few people speak regional dialects. Many restrict the term to rural forms of speech—as when they say that dialects are dying out these days. But dialects are not dying out. Country dialects are not as widespread as they once were, indeed, but urban dialects are now on the increase, as cities grow and large numbers of immigrants take up residence...Some people think of dialects as sub-standard varieties of a language, spoken only by low-status groups—illustrated by such comments as He speaks correct English, without a trace of dialect. Comments of this kind fail to recognize that standard English is as much a dialect as any other variety—though a dialect of a rather special kind because it is one to which society has given extra prestige. Everyone speaks a dialect—whether urban or rural, standard or non-standard, upper class or lower class, (Crystal 2006). Regional and Social Dialects The classic example of a dialect is the regional dialect: the distinct form of a language spoken in a certain geographical area. For example, we might speak of Ozark dialects or Appalachian dialects, on the grounds that inhabitants of these regions have certain distinct linguistic features that differentiate them from speakers of other forms of English. We can also speak of a social dialect: the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a specific socioeconomic class, such as the working-class dialects in England, (Akmajian 2001). Prestige Dialects In the earlier history of New York City, New England influence and New England immigration preceded the influx of Europeans. The prestige dialect which is reflected in the speech of cultivated Atlas informants shows heavy borrowings from eastern New England.  There has been a long-standing tendency for New Yorkers to borrow prestige dialects from other regions, rather than develop a prestige dialect of their own. In the current situation, we see that the New England influence has retreated, and in its place, a new prestige dialect has been borrowed from northern and midwestern speech patterns. We have seen that for most of our informants, the effort to escape identification as a New Yorker by ones own speech provides a motivating force for phonological shifts and changes, (Labov 2006). Dialect in Writing Do not attempt to use dialect [when writing] unless you are a devoted student of the tongue you hope to reproduce. If you use dialect, be consistent...The best dialect writers, by and large, are economical [with] their talents, they use the minimum, not the maximum, of deviation from the norm, thus sparing the reader as well as convincing him, (Strunk, Jr. and White 1979). Sources Akmajian, Adrian, et al.  Linguistics: an Introduction to Language and Communication. 7th ed., The MIT Press, 2017.Crystal, Ben, and David Crystal.  You Say Potato: a Book about Accents. 1st ed., Macmillan, 2014.Crystal, David.  How Language Works. Penguin Books, 2007.Hodson, Jane.  Dialect in Film and Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Labov, William.  The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 2006.McWhorter, John. â€Å"Theres No Such Thing as a Language.†Ã‚  The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 20 Jan. 2016.Strunk, William, and E. B. White.  The Elements of Style. 3rd ed., Macmillan, 1983.

Special Needs Essay - 3841 Words

Special Educational Needs What are the four separate categories of Special Educational Needs and constituent sub-categories, as detailed in the S.E.R.C. report? 1. Pupils with learning difficulties and disorders  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils in need of Remedial Teaching (Learning Support)  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Specific Learning Disabilities  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Specific Speech and Language disorders 2. Pupils with Physical and Sensory Disabilities  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Physical Handicap  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Hearing Impairment  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pupils with Visual Impairment 3. Pupils with Mental Handicap and with Emotional and†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The state should provide adequate resources to ensure that children with special educational needs can have an education appropriate to those needs. What are the stages in the continuum of services to meet the needs of children with Special Educational Needs?  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Full-time placement in mainstream class with additional support from the class teacher  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Full-time placement in mainstream class with additional support from learning-support teacher working within the class  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Full-time placement in mainstream class with withdrawal for short regular tutorial sessions in a small group format with the learning-support teacher For mainstream schools that have a special class this continuum might extend as follows:  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Part-time placement in a special class, spending more time in the mainstream class  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Part-time placement in a special class, spending less time in the mainstream class  ·nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Full-time placement in the special class. Mainstream schools may then work in conjunction with special schools to develop the continuum even further as follows:Show MoreRelatedSpecial Needs : Teaching Needs1573 Words   |  7 PagesTeaching Special Needs What I Already Know / What I wanted to Know â€Å"Well, I only became a special needs teacher because all the teachers that your father had when he was in school all told him that he will never learn to read after he was diagnosed with severe dyslexia. So when he was put in special needs for his dyslexia, I started going to school to become a special needs teacher.† my grandmother told me. This made me start to wonder why he couldn’t just stay in the normal classroom and have justRead MoreThe Importance Of Physical Activity For Special Needs1374 Words   |  6 PagesActivity for Special Needs Everyone needs physical activity to stay healthy. For special needs, it is even more important exercise and to get around. Exercise affects them by enabling them to learn new things that could help them physically, mentally, and emotionally. Strengthening those attributes could improve their skills and help them learn in different ways. Physical activity is very crucial for special needs to help improve them physically, mentally, and emotionally. For special needs not to haveRead MoreChildren with Special Needs2131 Words   |  9 PagesFor my choice project I chose to interview a parent who has a child with special needs. The parent I chose to interview is a person I work with. She is a mother of two children, a son and a daughter which her son has been diagnosed with autism. Her son is ten years old and has been living with autism since he was diagnosed at the age of three. I have known this mother for about three years now and have helped her in many of the autism fundraisers that she puts on to raise money for her autism supportRead MorePersuasive Essay On Special Needs1923 Words   |  8 Pagesto be good when looking at it from an outside point of view. However, after paying attention to the effects on the individual, it does not always have positive outcomes. Special needs individuals should not be given everything, because doing so deprives them of learning valuable life skills. Giving individuals with special needs everything they want more often than not makes them mean because they are spoiled. When parents spoil their kids, the children often get in trouble at school, which disruptsRead MoreSpecial Needs For Special Education1028 Words   |  5 Pages Fitzgerald (2015) reported that it has been an increase of children identified with special education needs in different countries in Europe. One of the explanation for this influx is the definition of special needs recently changed, which caused more children to fall under that category. Since more children qualify for special education, professionals and parents need training and guidance on meeting the needs of those students. In Ireland, there is a challenge in finding the best comprehensiveRead MoreSpecial Needs For Special Education951 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, the total number of students with special needs in the United States has grown from 1990 through 2005. Studies from the Individuals with D isabilities Education Act (IDEA) show that there are 4.8 million children enrolled in public schools who received special education between the ages of 3-21. The studies show that in 1990 the percent of children receiving special education in the school was 11 percent, while in 2005 the amount of students receiving special education grew to 14 percent. ActualRead MoreSpecial Education For Special Needs1336 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial education can become very costly even up to four times more than ordianry education. Many tools are needed such as speech pathologists, phychologists and teachers, and sometimes speech facilities and equipment Many schools feel they are not suited to work with the students therefore they are hesitant to take on the challenge. However, many parent’s opinions on special ed learning shows that they favor it over home schooling and other options. There are many different choices for parentsRead MoreShould Special Needs Children Be Mainstreamed? 1183 Words   |  5 PagesMany argue whether special needs children should be mainstreamed. Mainstreaming is when a school puts children with special needs into classrooms with their peers who have no disabilities (Masters in Special Education Degree Program Guide). Inclusion is a term which expresses the commitment to educate each child, to maximization extent appropriate, in the school and classroom that he or she would otherwise attend (Wisconsin in Education Association Council). Special education is a term used in theRead MoreSpecial Educational Needs Support For Children With Special Needs1906 Words   |  8 Pages(GOV.UK, 2016), special educational needs support is available at all educational levels. This was in light of international developments, modifications to national legislation and decisions by law makers. The key international influencer was presented by the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action (UNESCO, 1994). Also, two cases in particular the O’Don oghue (1993) and Sinnott (2000) cases contributed significantly to changes in educational provision for children with special needs (Griffin andRead More Teaching Special Needs Students Essay3062 Words   |  13 PagesTeaching Special Needs Students My purpose for this paper is to find and list web sites that will assist teachers who are teaching special needs students. As more special needs students are entering the classroom, teachers need more and better information on teaching them. The purpose of this paper will be to enable teachers access to information about teaching these students in the field of Geography. It is my endeavor to create a list that will span most grades that will be helpful to

The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century

From the 18th to the 19th centuries, Britain was a far more developed country than any others in the world. There are more than one factor that made the Industrial Revolution happened first in Britain, some examples are: The Agricultural Revolution, the growth of population, The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, World Trading, and the Cottage Industry. With all those factors, it comes down to: What started the Industrial Revolution? The clothe industry was one of the big factor. Unlike modern day, clothe was used to be made by hand or through a cotton spinning wheel. It takes a lot of skills and time consuming for anyone to do so, to create clothing and then produce a large amount alone. However, as more population grew in England, more people demanded clothes. It was then in the 18th centuries, cotton labor was moved to a factory. Cotton was the most favored to use to make clothes because it was less expensive than silk. In 1733, James Kay developed an advanced weaving ma chine called â€Å"Flying Shuttle†. â€Å"The machine only came into general use in the 1760s—after decades of trial-and-error improvements—but once adopted, this first big invention in the textile industry doubled worker productivity: one adult weaver could accomplish the work of two† (Ashton). The Flying Shuttle was one of the big inventions that started the train of ideas for other inventors to create more and more advance technologies. With more and more weaving machine being created, the clothingShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. People lived where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as inco mes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and toolsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was an important milestone in history and influenced almost every part of the standard of living. From the new discoveries in technology there became new jobs available, which presented new working conditions, and the middle class had a new outlook on life. During the 19th century, changes and new ideas formed what would advance the modern world, the shift from an agricultural and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). Goods like coal, iron, andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 18th and early 19th centuries Europe found itself dealing with vast changes in its way of life. The Industrial Revolution took Europeans from the rural countryside into the urban powerhouses as the continent experienced a sudden shift in everyday living, economic structure, and social hierarchy. This sudden change in how Europe was ran from an economic standpoint caused yet another rift between the proletariats and bourgeoisies. Life became difficult for the newly founded working classRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century2363 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and the working class worked tirelessly to produce products. Textiles were made faster and cheaper, food was more abundant, and the standard of living increased for many people. To industrialize Great Britain, laborers worked in factories and mills under horrible conditions. Despite attempts by Parliament to address problems with the factories’ working conditions through the passage of new legislation, theirRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain from 1760 to 1840. During this time many people moved from farming areas to the city for work. Britain had three different classes, upper, middle and working/lower. These three classes had different living and working conditions. The lower class had the harshest conditions and punishments out of the three, they worked 12 hours a day and then went home to a crowded diseased ridden house late a night. The middle class actually benefitted from the revolutionRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pagesand most crucial changes for today’s modern society was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had major effects which influenced every aspect of societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went through an architectural metamorphosis ofRead MoreThe First Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1889 Words   |  8 PagesFirst Industrial Revolution started prior to the 18th century in the 1700’s. The prior events that started up the industrial revolution began with some innovations that were very basic, but are key to the rise of the revolution. These were small hand tools, which had been created to work on houses/barns, live stalk, and so on. The most basic machines were invented in this time too, but giving the time for a revolution t o appear through these new ideas that had been created. The first Industrial RevolutionRead MoreA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century910 Words   |  4 Pages(Isolationism) During which of 1543-1616 Tokugawa Ieyasu isolated the island. In 1614 he dealt with the idea of Christianity he made it illegal. He deported all of the priest off the island. His grandson actually made it forbidden for any Japanese people from leaving the country as well as coming back to the country. He also made it forbidden for any western missionaries from coming back into the country as well. (Industrial revolution) The industrial revolution started in Britain in the 18th century. The The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century The Industrial Revolution was an important milestone in history and influenced almost every part of the standard of living. From the new discoveries in technology there became new jobs available, which presented new working conditions, and the middle class had a new outlook on life. During the 19th century, changes and new ideas formed what would advance the modern world, the shift from an agricultural and handmade economy to a machine and manufactured one (Judge 664). Goods like coal, iron, and textiles, the discovery of electricity, railroads and the use of steel, are all part of what is referred to as the Industrial Revolution. â€Å"Steam engines furnish the means not only of their support but of their multiplication. They create a vast†¦show more content†¦The steam engine went on to power many other machines and lead to the great inventions of the Industrial Revolution era. â€Å"Great inventions are never, and great discoveries are seldom, the work of any one mind† (Thurston 3). The producing of textiles was becoming very popular and lead to become America s leading industry. Textiles mills popped up all over, mostly in the eastern states that were common for production because of the large number of streams the textile mills could easily get their power from. â€Å"One invention followed another, revolutionizing cloth production† (Frader 41). Textile mills grew more popular, which lead to the creation of other inventions like in 1813 Francis C. Lowell and Paul Moody created the power loom that took cotton and wove it into cloth. Lowell then took both the process of cotton producing and weaving and combined them together to make the production of clothes cheaper and more beneficial (Horn). Over time people made advancements in technology that helped produce better and more efficient products. The canal system was one of the first ways of transporting materials of bulk across the country. This lowered the cost of the cargo and stopped people from taking advantage of resources. By 1840 people were using thousands of miles of streams to shipShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. People lived where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and toolsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century973 Words   |  4 Pages The industrial revolution was a time of urbanisation, social and technological change that took place during the 18th and 19th centuries. Economic growth changed the British peoples experiences in all aspects of their lives including how they worked and travelled. Although it was harsh period of time for millions of people, due to the working conditions, it was also an advantage as it was a world-changing period of time. Before the industrial revolution took place, people lived their lives in aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the late 18th and early 19th centuries Europe found itself dealing with vast changes in its way of life. The Industrial Revolution took Europeans from the rural countryside into the urban powerhouses as the continent experienced a sudden shift in everyday living, economic structure, and social hierarchy. This sudden change in how Europe was ran from an economic standpoint caused yet another rift between the proletariats and bourgeoisies. Life became difficult for the newly founded working classRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century2363 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and the working class worked tirelessly to produce products. Textiles were made faster and cheaper, food was more abundant, and the standard of living increased for many people. To industrialize Great Britain, laborers worked in factories and mills under horrible conditions. Despite attempts by Parliament to address problems with the factories’ working conditions through the passage of new legislation, theirRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1161 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the 18th to the 19th centuries, Britain was a far more developed country than any others in the world. There are more than one factor that made the Industrial Revolution happened first in Britain, some examples are: The Agri cultural Revolution, the growth of population, The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, World Trading, and the Cottage Industry. With all those factors, it comes down to: What started the Industrial Revolution? The clothe industry was one of the big factor. UnlikeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain from 1760 to 1840. During this time many people moved from farming areas to the city for work. Britain had three different classes, upper, middle and working/lower. These three classes had different living and working conditions. The lower class had the harshest conditions and punishments out of the three, they worked 12 hours a day and then went home to a crowded diseased ridden house late a night. The middle class actually benefitted from the revolutionRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century851 Words   |  4 Pagesand most crucial changes for today’s modern society was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had major effects which influenced every aspect of societyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution During Mid 19th Century843 Words   |  4 PagesWith the Industrial Revolution at its dawn during mid-19th century, England’s Northern towns and cities began to alter drastically as advances in science and technology were proceeding to reshape the world. Beyond just transforming the society and its culture; industry, technology, and commerce, as agents of reforming the old social order, brought an immense demand for the urbanization of towns and cities. Consequently, the cities of Northern England went through an architectural metamorphosis ofRead MoreThe First Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1889 Wor ds   |  8 PagesFirst Industrial Revolution started prior to the 18th century in the 1700’s. The prior events that started up the industrial revolution began with some innovations that were very basic, but are key to the rise of the revolution. These were small hand tools, which had been created to work on houses/barns, live stalk, and so on. The most basic machines were invented in this time too, but giving the time for a revolution to appear through these new ideas that had been created. The first Industrial RevolutionRead MoreA Brief Note On The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century910 Words   |  4 Pages(Isolationism) During which of 1543-1616 Tokugawa Ieyasu isolated the island. In 1614 he dealt with the idea of Christianity he made it illegal. He deported all of the priest off the island. His grandson actually made it forbidden for any Japanese people from leaving the country as well as coming back to the country. He also made it forbidden for any western missionaries from coming back into the country as well. (Industrial revolution) The industrial revolution started in Britain in the 18th century. The

Cloud Computing Strategie

Question: Describe about cloud computing strategies. Explain evaluation of business requirements for determining the Cloud computing delivery model. Answer: Introduction There are different cloud computing strategies that are used for the development of the proper storage and thus it also helps in the development and thus it also helps in the development of the strategies and thus it also helps in development of the proper creation of the model and thus the problems are also segregated for the proper development of the strategies for the proper development of the program (Ding, Yu, Zhang, Gjessing, Tsang, 2015). Thus it also helps in the gaining proper accessibility for the establishment of the report and thus it also helps in the development of the proper location and thus it also helps in the generation of the different steps that are helpful for the proper creation of the strategies and thus it also helps in the proper development of the rules for the development of the proper following of the norms regarding the cloud computing and thus it also helps in the development of the cloud provider services. DSI adoption model for the cloud-based OSDS The data storage interface or the DSI model helps in explanation process of the usage of the data storage that is useful for the proper creation of the services that helps in the development of the sequences of the data and thus it also helps in the storage of the data in a sequential order. Thus model is created by the adoption of the cloud based ODDS for the creation of the volume storage for the files (El Houssaini, Nassar, Kriouile, 2014). Thus it also helps in including the DSI protocols that are the WebDAV, NFS, CIFS and the OSD. It also helps in the proper functioning of the billing systems that are related to the data requirement of the allocated space and thus the arrangement of the data can be done with following the proper configuration of the DR. Thus this also helps in the formation of the resource guarantee and also helps in the fruitful consumption process. The application of the DSI model with the proper adoption of the cloud based computing OSDS are the cloud storag e for the purpose of cloud computing, private cloud storage and the public cloud storage. It also helps in expressing the metadata that are required for the proper carrying out of the process that are generally required for the expressing the requirements (Gide Sandu, 2015). Risks involved for migrating the OSDS to a cloud-based provider The risks that are involved with the migration of the OSDS to a cloud service provider are as follows:- Application storage and the data retrieving which cannot be maintained by the cloud computing services. A huge mess is created with the maintenance of the existing setup and thus it shows the decrement of the demand of the availability (Asatiani Penttinen, 2015). Technological reliability leads to the deployment of the cloud usage customers. Added latency are much suffered in the case of using the cloud computing process and it is generally observed during the usage of the internet with the usage of the cloud applications. The debugging of the performance issues are also created with the usage of the hardware that is controlled by someone else and thus it also leads to the loss of the transparency. The design application and the architecture might lead to the complete disturbance of the cloud computing network and thus the modification of the architectures becomes essential (He Wang, 2015). Security steps that DSI takes to secure the OSDS The security steps that are followed by DSI for the purpose of the making the OSDS system fully secured are as follows:- Regular checking of the security coding and the guidelines that are related to the coding helps to get a more secured system. It also helps in fixing the error codes which can be cross checked on the regular basis and thus this is generally occurred due to the Scripting attacks (Kumar, 2016). Proper creation and the maintenance of the data base helps in the proper formation of the secured system. It also helps in providing the passwords that can be stored in the Hashed form so that the encoding of the data becomes tough for the process of hacking. Sever sets are created properly for the proper flow of the data and information. It also helps in providing the information of the attempt of hacking is made or not. Thus this security is created with the proper usage of the SSL security and while accessing the server generates a password for the process of authorization (Low Hsueh Chen, 2012). Evaluation of business requirements for determining the Cloud computing delivery model The evaluation of the current business requirements is used for the proper detection of the process of the cloud computing delivery models includes the cloud computing scenarios that includes the private, public, hybrid cloud and the virtual private (Mohana, 2013). The enterprise private cloud is used for the proper continuation of the cloud resource pool that helps in the creation of the proper network and the firewall protection for the organisation. The virtual private cloud helps in the segmentation of the public clouds with some of the additional features of the security and it helps in the creation of the demand. The hybrid cloud is the combination of two or more clouds that are improved for the utilization and thus it also helps in the proper development and the enhancement of the organisational assets ("MWfSCC: A Migrating Workflow System Based on Cloud Computing Paradigm", 2012). A public cloud is defined as the deployment model where the organisations firewall is pulled out for the creation of the new cloud service hardware and the software assets. Evaluate and design an ICT risk strategy for cloud computing delivery plan The new ICT risk strategies that are used for the proper mitigation of the risks for the process of the cloud computing delivery plan are as follow:- Supplier market is slowed for the adapting the new ICT market landscape. The mitigation of this is the strong engagement of the clarifications that should be made to the suppliers for the purpose meeting the long and the medium terms requirements (Sumathi Kirubakaran, 2013). Dependency created between the responsibilities of SRO which creates the strategy along the progress dependency and thus the dealt is not done in a timely manner. The mitigation for this is the proper management of the portfolio and the proper understanding the dependencies that are created for the proper development of the programmes. The prioritising of the critical deliverables is also required for the creation of the strong communication system. Thus it also helps in linking the project and the different communications that are required for the proper creation of the key strategic areas for the proper development of the systems (Tivey Pearson, 2015). Existing contract and the agreements helps in the prevention of the implementation of the key components delay. Thus the mitigation to this problem helps in the proper procurement of the commercial strategies and thus it also helps in the creation of the medium and the long term alignment for the ICT strategy and the commercial approach (Wright et al., 2012). Conclusion The details of the cloud computing usage that depicts the evaluation and the designing of the ICT risk strategy for the cloud computing strategy also helps in the creation of the proper delivery plan for the cloud computing systems. This project also shows the Security steps that DSI takes to secure the OSDS and the Evaluation of business requirements for determining the Cloud computing delivery model are also shown in this project (Udoh, 2012). The details of the cloud computing usage and the risks with the mitigation process and the safety measures are also provided in this project for the proper development of the project completion. References Asatiani, A. Penttinen, E. (2015). Managing the move to the cloud analyzing the risks and opportunities of cloud-based accounting information systems.Journal Of Information Technology Teaching Cases,5(1), 27-34. Ding, J., Yu, R., Zhang, Y., Gjessing, S., Tsang, D. (2015). Service provider competition and cooperation in cloud-based software defined wireless networks.IEEE Commun. Mag.,53(11), 134-140. El Houssaini, C., Nassar, M., Kriouile, A. (2014). A Governance Based Architecture for Enterprise Cloud Computing Adoption.International Journal Of Cloud Applications And Computing,4(3), 54-67. Gide, E. Sandu, N. (2015). A study of the current situation of adoption of Cloud based services in Indian SMEs.Global Journal Of Information Technology, 18. He, W. Wang, F. (2015). A Hybrid Cloud Model for Cloud Adoption by Multinational Enterprises.Journal Of Global Information Management,23(1), 1-23.

The Reality free essay sample

Living in the south there seems to be a certain code of conduct. You listen to country music, drink ice tea, talk with the Texan drawl, and go to church every Sunday. Though this stereotypical definition does not encompass everyone, it does describe many people I know. Like any good southern girl I love sweet tea and southern accents. The occasional country song will play in my head for days. However. I do not frequent churches on Sundays. Now you must understand that I am a very private person. I trust very few people with my views and these people accept my non-religious views. However, one unexpected day, while sitting in the floor of the schools bland lecture hall, the beliefs of those around me came into view. I sat whispering conspiratorially with my best friend of eleven years as we searched the road map for a hidden town. A third member of the group, a short curly haired girl in the grade above me, jutted down our findings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They began to talk about their god and plans for church this week. As they talked my friend did not bat an eye; she falls under the category of those who go to church every Wednesday and Sunday. Suddenly realizing my silence, the girl turned to me. â€Å"Well don’t you believe in him?† I felt like caving in on myself. I had not prepared myself this morning before school for someone to judge me for the way I am. Why would I? I sucked in a gulp of air and attempted to reply calmly. â€Å"No, I’m not a religious person.† This seemed so absurd to the girl she looked as if she would soon start yelling, how do you not believe? You don’t think God exist? Seeing the girl poised for attack, my friend readied herself to swoop in and save me, but I motioned to her I could handle this. The girl proceeded to do just as I expected, and I took my time to give her calm respectful answers. I explained that I would prefer not to have this debate. She, however, remained persistent. Then she proceeded to tell me, â€Å"You should talk to my preacher! He can help you!† This nearly knocked me out of my seat. Never before had someone talked to me like a broken thing in need of fixing. As if realizing something else she turned to my friend and exclaimed, â€Å"How can you be friends when you believe different things?† Like the first breath I had taken in a week my friend took my hand and smiled at me. She looked calmly at the girl and explained that though we have different views we accept each other for who we truly are. We may not be the same, but that was not enough to tear us apart. Through the savior of my friend I found my voice and thanked the other girl as she gave me the name of her preacher. With one last squeeze of the hand and my friend separated and sought out our seats. After I got home, the thought of the girl was grinding in to my mind. I could not believe how harshly she tried to discount my thoughts when I had done nothing of the sort to her! My anger grew until in an almost epiphany moment I realized the girl was not attempting to be rude. She was not accustomed to dealing with people with a different thought process. People like my friend, however, exist to help diversity grow. I learned that the reality o f the world is not everyone will understand, but I cannot shut down and get angry at them. You have to take the good with the bad and hope that everyone will accept you as you accept them. In the end, I am still the ice tea drinking, southern drawling, country music girl who knows being different is a blessing not a curse.

Metallic Character Properties and Trends

Metallic Character Properties and Trends Not all metallic elements are alike, but all share certain qualities. Here youll find what is meant by the metallic character of an element and how metallic character changes as you move across a period or down a group in the periodic table. What Is Metallic Character? Metallic character is the name given to the set of chemical properties associated with elements that are metals. These chemical properties result from how readily metals lose their electrons to form cations (positively charged ions). Physical properties associated with metallic character include metallic luster, shiny appearance, high density, high thermal conductivity, and high electrical conductivity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and can be deformed without breaking. Although many metals are hard and dense, there is actually a wide range of values for these properties, even for elements that are considered highly metallic. Metallic Character and Periodic Table Trends There are trends in metallic character as you move across and down the periodic table. Metallic character decreases as you move across a period in the periodic table from left to right. This occurs as atoms more readily accept electrons to fill a valence shell than lose them to remove the unfilled shell. Metallic character increases as you move down an element group in the periodic table. This is because electrons become easier to lose as the atomic radius increases, where there is less attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons because of the increased distance between them. Recognizing Elements With Metallic Character You can use the periodic table to predict whether or not an element will display metallic character, even if you dont know anything about it. Heres what you need to know: Metallic character is displayed by metals, which are all on the left-hand side of the periodic table. The exception is hydrogen, which is a nonmetal under ordinary conditions. Even hydrogen behaves as a metal when its a liquid or solid, but you should consider it nonmetallic for most purposes.Elements with metallic character occur in certain groups or columns of elements, including the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals (including the lanthanide and actinides below the main body of the periodic table), and the basic metals. Other categories of metals include base metals, noble metals, ferrous metals, heavy metals,  and precious metals.  The metalloids display some metallic character, but this group of elements also has nonmetallic properties. Examples of Elements With Metallic Character Metals that display their character well include: francium (element with highest metallic character)cesium (next highest level of metallic character)sodiumcoppersilverirongoldaluminum Alloys and Metallic Character Although the term metallic character is typically applied to pure elements, alloys may also display metallic character. For example, bronze and most alloys of copper, magnesium, aluminum, and titanium typically display a high level of metallicity. Some metallic alloys consist purely of metals, but most also contain metalloids and nonmetals yet retain the properties of metals.

Global Challenges Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Challenges - Research Paper Example Migrants into urban centers believe that there are many job opportunities in the urban centers hence necessitating the need for migration into towns to look for jobs (UN-Habitat, 2008). Secondly, there is a rapid increase in the demand for housing, basic infrastructure and social services. Infrastructures in this case include, water, electricity and sewerage systems. The rapid population increases in slums have resulted to a hindrance in delivering the services in those areas (Sexton, 1979; Levy, 2011). Thirdly, cities are faced with scarcity of food and world energy. The scarcity of food is because of the declining weather conditions affected by the climatic changes in the world. For instance, deforestation in many third world countries have caused decreased levels of rainfall which most farmers rely on for farming in order to supply the cities with food (Levy, 2011). In the near future, the US will face challenges that are different from other countries. Such challenges include how to address the problems resulting declining population growth and aging population, which have resulted to shrinking cities and deterioration in buildings and infrastructure (Levy, 2011). The second challenge will be how to address problems of urban sprawl and preservation of inner city heritage buildings. This arises from the growing demands of housing and facilities due to an emerging wealthy class and from international investors (UN-Habitat,

A3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A3 - Assignment Example The project managers are highly experienced in building and construction as the project highly involves much of construction. The internal workers are also critical in coordinating the construction. Most of the internal workers are highly experienced in finance management and their input to the projects is critical due to financial reasons. Planning consultants, Architect, surveyors are very critical as the project is certainly a sensitive one. Without the approval of the surveyors, the project can barely move on since road construction involves many designs, which can only be carried out, by a surveyor and Architect (Sears & Sears, 2010). The project success will depend on how well the stakeholders will communicate. A good communication plan will ensure that every stakeholder is actively involved in the road construction project. The success of the project is a matter of effective communication. In the course of the road construction project, communication is done in various ways. The most form of communication includes written, oral and non-verbal communication. Table 1 represents different tasks that will be carried out by the projects and the responsible stakeholders. The architect undertakes the planning task. As noted in Table 1, the architect is required to plan for the project in four days. The success of the project depends on how professional the manager regards time management. In some cases, the participant may lack enthusiasm as they continue with the project. In such a situation, it is the responsibility of the project manager to ensure that the project does not derail due to time management problems. This can be done by assigning durations to the WBS. As indicated in Table 1, the projects there are various items that are involved in the projects. Nevertheless, during the project, it is important to pay attention to some of the items. Time management is one of the most

New Communication Structure Essay Example for Free

New Communication Structure Essay Communication is important in every aspect of our lives. This is also true for the communication used in our professional lives. When at work we â€Å"depend on cooperation with others to accomplish our goals, and communication is the critical human process we use to promote such cooperation.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 1.1) Understanding communication is the best way to make sure it is being used effectively correctly. When communication is effective then organizational components will run smoother and efficiently. Smoother and effective communication means that an organization has a greater chance of following its mission and achieving its goals. Successful communication can be as important to organizational productivity as any other component used. There are five concepts that are important for successful communication within an organizational setting and this proposal will discuss their necessity in an organization. Culture is something that needs to be recognized and aware of when we are communicating with everyone. It is also important in organizational communication. Organizational culture includes the norms and attitudes of the organization. To support clear and effective communication in an organization the employees must be pay close attention the organizational culture. The process of socialization will also help an employee to adapt to an organization’s culture. The process of socialization is where, â€Å"established members of cultural groups educate others and enforce adherence to established cultural rules or norms for appropriate behavior.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 17) In understanding the norms in an organization communication will be smoother because there will be less chance for misunderstandings. An example of organizational culture would be the style of dress in the office. If an organization is one where the employees dress in suits and formal business wear then an employee who came to work in shorts and a t-shirt would affect  the culture in a negative way. Those communicating with those employees could become uncomforta ble, or distracted. This may result in avoiding communication with this employee and over all communication will breakdown. Avoidance of communication with only one employee is enough to cause a gap in efficiency. The book â€Å"Communications in Organizations† explains, â€Å"Strategic organizational communicators initiate and develop strong, effective, and satisfying relationships with others to promote cooperation and coordination in organizational life.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 15) Understanding the organizational culture also builds trust and respect among employees which in turn brings higher production. Paying attention to organizational culture helps to build the relational communication to support effective communication. Part of an organization’s culture is the forms of communication used. Informal and formal communications are two types of communication that play an important role in an organization. The difference in both forms of communication can be explained as â€Å"Formal patterns of organizational communication follow the power hierarchy within organizations, whereas informal patterns of communication do not necessarily follow along power hierarchy lines† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 1.5) Formal communication is used to address important job related material. Paying close attention when receiving or using formal communication will stop an employee from making a mistake and will also give them the information to be successful. However, when filtering through formal communications such as emails it is important to avoid information overload. Information overload takes place when, â€Å"so many different messages are impinging on a person that the person has difficulty making sense of all the information available.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 174) Scanning email for the most important and relative messages is a skill that is necessary but recognizing formal emails for their importance will ensure that the information involved will be received. In understanding the nuances of informal communication an employee can avoid getting themselves in trouble by offending a supervisor or missing important information. In regards to organizational communication conflict resolution can be the difference in success or failure when working with others to meet company goals. Conflict is inevitable, and happens when people communicate. It can come from assumptions, miscommunications, or one way communication. The good news is conflict can be turned into a positive thing. A quote in  the book, says An Introduction to Leadership, that, â€Å"The most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people.† (Weis, 2011, pg 2) Working through conflicts can build better communication skills, as well as trust and understanding. In using conflict resolution steps new and better ideas can be generated for the organizations. A gentleman named Mr. Tim Scudder wrote a book in which he describes five steps to conflict resolution. An interview he gave he made the point that in conflict â€Å"both parties want the same thing.† (Scudder, 2011) He also stressed the importance of anticipating conflict. By anticipating conflict an employee will take time to think, and in thinking they will realize that the person they may have a conflict with wants the same thing. This puts the employee in a positive frame of mind and helps to come to a reasonable solution for both involved. In the article â€Å"How to Deal with Annoying Co-Workers† gives a suggestion to help in dealing with co-workers. It suggests that, â€Å"With most types of annoying co-workers, the solution is simply to be straightforward and assertive.† (Green, 2011) Working through a conflict helps co-workers to come to a better understanding of each other. When people understand and respect each other communication is smoother and more effective. Once again, smoother and effective communication benefits the organization. Formal communication, informal communication, and conflict resolution involve two parties. Each of these communications involves a time where another party receives information. In face to face communication active listening is a technique that will ensure that messages are received correctly and will allow the listener to formulate the best response. Active Listening is not only an important part of conflict resolution but communication as a whole. Active listening means, â€Å"being fully engaged in paying attention to your relational partner’s communication with you. It is not just hearing skills. It involves paying close attention to your partner’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 4.3) In other words, it’s a way of showing respect for those you are communicating with. It sounds as simple as just listening but it’s not that simple. It takes a conscious effort to begin with before it becomes habit. If you are fully engaged in what your partner is communicating then you will get all of the information being sent. It may also evoke the norm of reciprocity which will have your partner giving you  their full attention. The norm of reciprocity is, â€Å"the urge to act in-kind that often encourages these relational partners to provide you with information and treat you similarly to the way you treat them.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 15) The importance to an organization of its members practicing active listening is participants receive all the information that is coming to them. This means that they have all they would need to know to complete their jobs successfully and meet organizational goals. Organizations have both formal and informal leaders. Formal leaders typically are ‘assigned their positions of authority within the organizational hierarchy and hold titles such as president, vice president, division leader, and manager.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 19) Informal leaders are little harder to define by position or tile but â€Å"emerge with organizational life based on credibility (usually a combination of charisma, dynamism, expertise, and trustworthiness), ability to accomplish complex tasks, and access to relevant information.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 19) Even if you are not a formal leader you can still have influence over others as an informal leader. Informal leaders are not defined by title but by quality of character. Understanding leadership strategies and what being a leader entails helps to motivate workers to meet organizational goals. It is important for organizational leaders be able to communicate in different ways for different situations. There are several different leadership strategies that can be employed for different situations. To understand leadership strategies it’s important to think about how leaders may see those under them. Douglas McGregor used X and Y models of leadership to explain the relationship between leaders and followers. Theory X makes the assumption about workers they do not like work and will do anything to avoid it. This model will make leaders be more directed because they think that is what workers prefer and need. McGregor’s Theory Y assumes that workers do not dislike work and will work hard if they feel the value of their effort. The Theory Y suggests that if workers are given a degree of autonomy and a chance to use their imaginations they will strive to be successful in their tasks. Depending on how leaders see workers can dictate their leadership strategies. One of three helpful leadership styles is the autocratic leadership style. This is a leadership style that would come from a leader who is a believer in Theory X. An autocratic leader â€Å"makes most  organizational decisions without consulting with others. The leader calls all the shots, tells workers what to do and how to do it.† (Kreps, 2011; sec 7.6) This type of leadership style would have little use for upward communication from those who follow. Upward communication is, â€Å"communication that travels up the power hierarchy.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 10) This would be difficult for a leader who believes in Theory X because, â€Å"upward communication enables workers to express their concerns and ideas, to provide and ask for feedback, and seek clarification from managers.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 10) The autocratic leadership style is best suited not for driving workers but in emergency situation where there is little time for collaboration. Organizational participants would appreciate a direct approach in times of pressure. On the opposing side of autocratic leadership is democratic leadership style. When using the democratic leadership style you, â€Å"share responsibility and involve other organizational participants in decision making, although the process for the final decision may vary from the leader having the final say to them facilitating consensus in the group.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) This type of leadership style is something that followers respond positively to. It also bolsters the leader’s position because the workers feel a â€Å"buy in† to the process. This is something that Theory Y talks about. The ability of helping the workers feel that their efforts and work are valued, and helping them to see the value. The drawback to this type of style is that it is time consuming, and can lead to conflict if not used correctly and in the right situation. Lastly, there is the laissez-faire leadership style. The laissez-faire leadership style would have the leader, â€Å"share power with workers and delegate decision-making authority to those individuals who are directly involved in the decision-making situations.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) This leadership style could be considered an extension of the democratic leadership style. In using this style it is important for a leader to know the capabilities of those under them. The employees under this leader must be experienced and skilled in the tasks that they are being given a degree of control over. This type of leadership style will help a leader delegate those things they have little time for. Delegation is an important skill. In the article â€Å"A Tool Kit for the Real World† it says that, â€Å"Business people don’t get accolades for being smart, but for being effective. That is measured in  things like increased sales, increased earnings and an increased number of licensing agreements. Not, alas, by the fruition of one employee’s great idea.† (Motluk, 2011) However, this should not be used as a way of having others do their work for them. This would be damaging to the leader and certainly the organization in that it can bring a degree of disorganization that would be extremely difficult to correct. The leadership strategies above are mentioned because they show the need for a leader to be able to decipher the right strategy for the right situation. Each has one distinctive way to deal with leading and each has its drawbacks when used outside of its best application. Therefore the situational model of leadership may be the best strategy when it comes to leadership. The situational model of leadership is, â€Å"based on the assumption that there is no right way of leading. Rather, the best leaders adapt to the unique situational constraints to exhibit the appropriate leadership style for the situation.† (Kreps, 2011; sec. 7.6) A leader must be able to analyze situations, those involved, the choices, and the preferred outcome. If it’s an emergency and little time involved then use the autocratic leadership style. When time is available to employ upward communication, and bolster workers self esteem and organizational value a leader should employ democratic leadership style. If a leader is feeling overwhelmed or they are feeling pulled in too many directions, perhaps a laissez-faire leadership style might help to delegate tasks to that can handle them. Understanding leadership strategies helps to use communications with workers that will work best in certain situations. The most important thing about communication in the work place is awareness. As the book â€Å"Communications in Organizations† points out, â€Å"Organizations and the way they communicate play critical roles in our lives.† (Kreps, 2011; pg. 25) The key to effective communication is awareness. All of the five concepts of organizational communication mentioned above have some type of awareness piece built in. Communication is smoothest when those communicating are aware of those they are communicating with, their culture, and their style of communication. Thinking before speaking, anticipating change and conflict, and knowing what actions to take will help a leader communicate effectively with workers. After presenting the five concepts for successful communication within an organizational setting above it is clear to see their necessity for  successful communication. References Kreps, G. (2011). Communications in Organizations. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Green, A. (2011, January 6). How to Deal With Annoying Co-Workers. Retrieved from http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/2011/06/06/how-to-deal-with-annoying-co-workers Motluk, A.(2011) A Tool Kit for the Real World. Retrieved from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19969-a-tool-kit-for-the-real-world.html?full=true (2011). Tim Scudder Interview. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_E7YVkjJQ0 Weiss, J. (2011). An Introduction to Leadership. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Lack of Rule of Law in China Essay -- International Law

Aristotle once stated, â€Å"The rule of law is better than that of any individual.† The essential characteristics of rule of law are: the supremacy of law, meaning both the government and individuals are subject to the law; a concept of justice that emphasizes interpersonal adjudication, based on importance of standards and procedures; restrictions on discretionary power and exercise of legislative power by the executive; independent judiciary, judicial precedent and common law methodology; prospective, not retrospective legislation; and underlying moral basis for law. (Cooray) In China, the justice system has been based on rule â€Å"by† law, also known as â€Å"rule of men† instead of rule â€Å"of† law. In other words, law has been an instrument of the government, which holds itself above the law as opposed to law being supreme. The goal of laws here are to protect the interests of the state, not the individual, and to keep stringent social control. Ch ina’s leaders are beginning to realize that establishing the â€Å"rule of law† is critical to China’s ability to sustain its rapid economic growth. The lack of legal knowledge and transparency, the complex judiciary and legislative system and cultural barriers rooted deeply in society are just a few main reasons responsible for an inadequate rule of law in China. Due to the lack of tradition of rule of law and the Chinese Communist Party rejection of the kind of liberal democratic government associated with it faces multiple challenges in its establishment. Understanding the importance of modernizing Chinas culture has had leverage on the political and economic level have substantially increased the progress of reform towards the use of rule of law. Being the oldest continuous major world civilization... ...accountability of the Chinese police." Policing -Bradford- 20, no. 1: 113-135. British Library Document Supply Centre Inside Serials & Conference Proceedings, EBSCOhost (accessed March 25, 2012). Wong, Kam C. 2009. Chinese Policing: History and Reform. New York: Peter Lang. Wong, Kam C. 2011. "Reform to police accountability." In Police Reform in China, by Kam C. Wong, 299-363. CRC Press. Wong, Kam C. 2004. "The police legitimacy crisis and police law reform in China: Part I." International Journal Of Police Science & Management 6, no. 4: 199-218. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 25, 2012). Wong, Kam C. 2005. "The police legitimacy crisis and police law reform in China: Part II." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 1: 1-14. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 25, 2012).

Post-CABG Nursing

Coronary heart disease is a major physical illness and one of the main causes of death in Western society People who do not die an early and sudden death may have to consider a major surgical treatment, the most prevalent being coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). More than 350,000 such operations are performed annually in the United States alone. This operation prolongs the life of patients in cases of triple-vessel disease It also improves patients' quality of life), thus providing them with the opportunity for successful rehabilitation (Ben-Zur, 2000).The postoperative complications of CABG include the following: high anxiety or depression, central nervous system damage (CNS), and atrial fibrillation. In this paper, we will discuss the postoperative complications of CABG and how they impact nursing practice. . During the first several weeks after CABG surgery, states of high anxiety or depression are usually observed (see, for example, Pick, Molloy, Hinds, Pearce, & Salmon , 1994; Trzcieniecka-Green & Steptoe, 1994).In long-term research (that is, approximately one year after the operation), the results present a more positive trend in terms of elevation in positive moods (King, Porter, Norsen, & Reis, 1992; King, Reis, Porter, & Norsen, 1993), as well as an increase in quality of life (Kulik & Mahler, 1993). Such outcomes can be accounted for by illness severity factors. In addition, in recent years, the individual's personality and coping characteristics have been investigated as important determinants of post-CABG patients' emotional reactions and rehabilitation (Ben-Zur et al., 2000). Research studies indicate that depression is prevalent in approximately 20% of CAD patients, and has a significant effect on post-surgery morbidity and mortality. (Remedio, 2003). One major type of morbidity following CABG is central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction (. Barbut D, Hinton et al. 1985)]. Of all the adverse neurological outcomes that may be incurred posto peratively, stroke is one of the most serious.However, due to technological and surgical improvements the incidence of stroke is now reported to be as low as between 0. 8 and 5. 8% [McCann GM, et al. 1997) Duke University Medical Center study published in 2001 indicated that fully half of people undergoing bypass surgery developed memory or thinking problems in the days following it, and that these problems were usually still evident five years later. (Bypass surgery and memory, 2005) Consequently, the rate of post-CABG stroke is no longer a sufficient index of CNS dysfunction.Neuropsychological research suggests, however, that a considerable proportion of all patients who undergo CABG sustain some degree of cerebral damage and that this manifests as mild cognitive impairment. Although these cognitive deficits rarely disturb activities of daily living, they are still considered cause for concern. Therefore, it is these less severe forms of neurological injury, which are now targeted for reduction in what has been described as an age of quality improvement (Stump D. A. 1995; Stump D. A. , Rogers A. T. , and Hammon , J. W. 1996;].Cognitive impairment following coronary artery bypass grafting, Neuropsychological tests are valuable tools in the assessment of brain dysfunction as they provide a method of systematically and quantitatively studying the behavioral expressions of this dysfunction (Lezak, 1995) .As there is now only a low risk of stroke following CABG, milder forms of cerebral damage have become a greater focus of concern. Consequently, neuropsychological assessment has become more important within the domain of cardiac surgery. The advantage of neuropsychological tests is that they are capable of detecting subtle changes in cognitive function.In comparison, conventional neurological assessment techniques, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, are less sensitive and therefore less able to detect subtle CNS changes In addition, neurological assessme nt techniques do not lend themselves as readily to quantitative analysis [Heyer E. J, et al. 1995) Cognitive decline has been observed by many researchers using batteries of neuropsychological tests, usually administered to patients before and after surgery. A patient’s pre- and postoperative scores are then compared. In this way, intersubject variability is minimized as the subjects act as their own controls.While cognitive deficits have been consistently reported in the immediate postoperative period, some researchers have readministered test batteries in the immediate postoperative period, typically within 5–10 days of surgery (Aris A, et al, 1986; Clark et al. , 1995; . Newman MF, Croughwell ND, Blumenthal JA et al. 1994; Pugsley et al, 1994; Shaw PJ et al. 1986; Townes B. D. , Bashein G. , Hornbein T. F. et al. 1989; Symes et al, 2000).. Atrial fibrillation (AF), although t not life threatening, is one of the most common complications after CABG.Hospital stays oft en are prolonged due to intermittent hemodynamic instability of thomboembolic complications. During AF, loss of synchronous atrial mechanical activity response, and inappropriately high heart rates may have adverse effects o n hemodynamic functions and cause hypotension and hear failure. Of all the complications associated with postoperative AF< the most serious are throboemboic complications, which cause permanent morbidity in many patients. Risk of postoperative stroke has been found to be significantly increased with postoperative atrial tacharrhymias.Earlier studies shows that the incidence of AF can be as high as 50% in patients after the incidence of AF can be as high as 50% in patient after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with a peak incidence on postoperative day 2 to 3. Atrial effective refractory periods (ERP) has been used a parameter to evaluate atrial repolarization and ERP and its dispersion are known parameters of atrial vulnerability that indicate enhanced at rial arrhythmogenesis, include a history spontaneous paroxysmal AF and easy inductility of atrial arrhthmias.( Solyu et al). Pleural effusion occurs in up to 80% of patients during the first week after CABG. Most of these effusions are small, self-limiting and do not require interventions. However, chronic, persistent post-CABG effusions have been reported. The etiology of these persistent effusions remains unknown. ( Lee et al, 2001) Sleep disturbances is another big postoperative complication The purpose of a 1996 Schafer et al study was to describe the nature and frequency of sleep pattern disturbances in patients post coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery.An exploratory design using telephone interviews at one week, one month, three months and six months was used to describe the incidence and nature of sleep disturbances post CABG surgery. Forty-nine patients completed all four measurement times. More than half of the patients reported sleep disturbances at each measurement time . Sleep disturbances during the first month post CABG were reported to be the result of incisional pain, difficulty finding a comfortable position and nocturia. Although less frequent over time, these problems persisted for six months. . Miller et al (2004) discusses post CABG postoperative symptoms.At 1 week post-CABG, symptoms were incisional pain, wound drainage, chest congestion, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, swollen feet, and loss of appetite; incisional pain and swollen feet were reported by a few patients at 6 weeks after CABG. The incidence and frequency of postoperative symptoms declined over time. There were several age-related differences in symptom reports prior to and at 1 and 6 weeks after the procedure (Miller et al, 2004. ). Nursing interventions A wide variety of interventions have been tested for recovery of CABG patients. These 19 studies tested 20 interventions.Most of the interventions were educational in nature and dealt with preoperative or dischar ge instructions or counseling provided to patients. Preoperative interventions to affect in-hospital recovery included preparatory information about cognitive dysfunction following surgery, preparatory information and counseling about physical and psychologic recovery, and psychiatric counseling. Two of the studies[Rice VH, Mullin MH, Jarosz P.. 1992. ] compared the effectiveness of preadmission versus postadmission preparatory instructions, and one study [Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J. 1995; Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al.1988); . compared the effects of music, relaxation, and structured rest on hospital recovery outcomes. One study tested the effect of in-hospital range-of-motion (ROM) exercises on arm ROM at discharge. Interventions for home recovery were delivered close to the time of discharge or within the first couple of weeks following discharge. Most of the studies involved tests of structured discharge preparatory information about home recovery using slide and tape programs,[ Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al. 1988; Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. 1993;.] telephone follow-up and counseling,[ Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al.. 1988;13:649-661. , Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. 1993; Beckie T. 1989; Barnason S, Zimmerman L. 1995;] outpatient group teaching,[ Dracup; 1982. Dissertation. ,32] and homegoing audiotapes Interventions to promote risk factor modification behaviors included four studies[Dracup KA. 1982. ] that assessed the effect of structured versus unstructured teaching programs designed to increase knowledge of risk factors and enhance compliance with risk factor modification behaviors.Another study tested an education program that included a behavioral component as well Various outcome variables have been used to evaluate CABG recovery. The most frequently used outcome was mood states; 10 of the 19 studies used mood states as an outcome measure. The most frequently used measurement point for hospital recovery outcomes was the first day following surgery and discharge. Home recovery outcomes were usually measured at 1, 3, and 6 months following discharge. Outcomes associated with risk factor modification most often were measured at 6 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months following surgery.What is the effectiveness of the interventions? Preparatory information was the intervention most frequently tested. In the two studies[Rice VH, Mullin MH, Jarosz P. 1992;, Anderson EA. 1987;] assessing its effectiveness to reduce analgesia use during hospital recovery, preoperative preparatory information was not found to be effective. Preoperative preparatory information was found to be effective in increasing patients' comfort and control when experiencing postoperative delirium.There was no support for the ability of preoperative preparatory information to reduce anxiety during in-hospital reco very] Discharge preparatory information also was found not to be effective in three of the four studies evaluating mood states during home recovery; this finding was noted even when individual counseling and telephone follow-up were added to the initial information provided Preadmission preparatory information about activity resumption during hospital recovery was found to be effective in one study (Cupples 1991. ] but not in another. [ Rice VH, Mullin MH, Jarosz P. 1992).Activity resumption at home was found to be significantly increased by the provision of discharge preparatory information in two[Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. 1993; Moore SM. 1996] 33 of three studies. Discharge preparatory information aimed at families was not found to be effective in improving family functioning (family cohesion and family communication) during the home recovery periodGiven the small number of studies addressing the effect of preparatory information on phys iologic outcomes (blood pressure, heart rate, angina), no conclusions were made about its effectiveness on these variables.Similarly, no conclusions were drawn about the effectiveness of ROM exercises, music, and visual imaging to enhance CABG recovery because of the small single studies testing each of these interventions. There was clear evidence that information interventions designed to increase individuals' knowledge about managing recovery experiences during the first home recovery month and about coronary artery disease risk factor modification was effective; three of the four studies evaluating this intervention found significant effects.Similarly, tests of the effectiveness of structured versus unstructured instruction indicated that structured information was more effective in increasing knowledge. Education to enhance compliance with medical regimens and risk factor modifications was found to be effective for some risk modification behaviors but not for others. It appears that information alone does not change behaviors. Allen's[Allen. 1996;. ] study of an intervention to increase self-efficacy using both counseling and behavior modification techniques represented an important departure from previous interventions that were based solely on education and counseling.Although Allen found a positive effect for only one of the risk modification behaviors studied (dietary intake), the addition of a behavioral component is an important change in cardiovascular health behavior modification interventions. Gender differences have been widely explored by nurses. Investigators have identified that gender can constitute a form a biculturalism (that is, women view surgery as a minor inconvenience, whereas men view it as a major life event). Postoperative symptoms vary, with males experiencing more fatigue, incisional chest pain, and atrial dysrythmias.Conversely, women have more numbness and breast discomfort, heart failure, and functional impairment. The 2 areas wherein the most work has been done are pain and sleep. A number of descriptive studies have been done on patients' self-report of pain, their satisfaction with treatment, and underuse of analgesics. Limited research on interventions to relieve pain has been reported. Despite these studies on pain outcomes, more exploratory work is required for pain associated with minimally invasive cardiac surgery, pain, and discomfort at discharge, and subsequently identification and trialing of interventions to provide pain relief.The relationships between exercise behavior and functional status of men and women 5 to 6 years after CABG have not been examined in a representative patient sample. This study (Treat-Jacobson & Lindquist, 2004). compared the 5- to 6-year recovery in a cohort of 184 patients at the Minnesota site of the Post CABG Biobehavioral Study. Data were collected by telephone interview and self-administered questionnaires. Results showed that women had lower physical (p ? .004) and social (p = . 001) functioning scores; men were more likely to participate in regular exercise (p = .01). Exercisers had higher functional status scores. ANCOVA demonstrated that differences in measures of functional status by exercise category were maintained even after controlling for age, sex, and symptom severity (p ? .01). In conclusion, individuals who exercised had more positive functional outcomes 5 to 6 years In general, nurse investigators have conducted sufficient studies within each of the generic outcome categories to allow for identification of cardiac surgery-specific outcomes that can be considered nurse sensitive.Artinian (1993) demonstrated that in the early recovery phase, only 62% of women spouses felt they were prepared for discharge, with key concerns being the availability of social support, use of coping strategies, personal resources, and knowing what to expect. At 6 weeks after discharge, women's concerns were most often regarding their husband's self- care activities, uncertainty, and husband's physical and mental symptoms. At 1 year after surgery, women reported less social support and greater role strain than they did at earlier time periods.48 Other investigators have shown that positive psychosocial adjustment to illness is influenced both by the quality of the patient's marriage and level of dysphoria. 49 Nursing interventions to improve family functioning have been reported by a number of investigators. Family members of ICU patients, who were recipients of care from nurses who attended educational sessions and who used checklists to assure provision of information and support, reported lower anxiety and higher satisfaction levels than did families not provided with this level of care.50 Other reports of a controlled trial with a nurse-led psychoeducational intervention51 and follow-up phone calls33 demonstrated no differences in improving patients' recovery or family functioning. Further research in this field should focus on determining if these findings persist across different demographic and economic groups Studies of functional status outcomes have focused on general activity and activities of daily living (ADLs). Specific findings have included that high levels of self-efficacy and decreased tension and anxiety at 4 weeks after surgery are predictive of greater activity at 8 weeks.Women report greater disruption of ADLs at 1 than at 3 months, while disruption of their recreational activities is similar at both times. Need during home health visits include maximum assistance with meals and laundry but only partial assistance with bathing and dressing. One randomized controlled trial comparing usual care with supplemental hospital education and weekly telephone follow-up to improve self-efficacy demonstrated that patients in the experimental group developed higher expectations for walking, lifting, climbing stairs, and working than did patients in the control group.(Whitman, 2004). Conclusion Cor onary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is regularly performed in most major hospitals, reflecting the high prevalence of coronary artery disease in western countries. A number of studies have identified cohorts of patients undergoing CABG and other cardiac procedures who experience a higher than expected rate of mortality and morbidity. Increasing age, poor left ventricular function, urgent/emergency procedures, complex operations and reoperation procedures have all been identified as risk factors resulting in prolonged hospital stays and increased morbidity.Subsequently, with current emphasis on both better clinical management and more cost-efficient practice, it is becoming increasingly beneficial to identify low-risk patients who can be safely ‘fast tracked’ to reduce postoperative management costs. The current, eclectic mix of topics studied reflects early resolution of specific issues. However, surgical procedures, recovery times, hospital length of stay, transit ional care facility length of stay, use of home healthcare, and patient characteristics have changed dramatically during the last decade, suggesting that new functional outcome recovery trajectories evolved.These new patterns for functional recovery and interventions merit new inquiry and reporting. The nursing studies have been well designed and have allowed the investigators to move, in many categories, through logical iterations of discovery (this is, from exploratory and descriptive work to predictive and correlational work and, finally, into interventional work). Future work in all categories needs to focus on moving through these stages and enhancing the current directions being taken so that patients achieve positive, optimal outcomes.Such information can be used to plan the care of patients undergoing CABG, to prepare them for normal recovery, and to determine the need for symptom management by health care providers References Allen J. A. . (2000) Coronary risk factor modifi cation in women after coronary artery bypass surgery. Nurs Res;45:260-265. Aris, A, et al.. Arterial line filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery1986; 91:526–533. Artinian N. (1993) Spouses' perception of readiness for discharge after cardiac surgery. Appl Nurs Res. ;6(2):80-88 Barbarowicz P, Nelson M, DeBusk RF, Haskell WL.A comparison of in-hospital education approaches for coronary bypass patients. Heart Lung. 1980;9:127-133. Barbut D. , Hinton R. B. , Szatrowski T. P. et al. Cerebral emboli detected during bypass surgery are associated with clamp removal. Stroke 1994; 25:2398–2402. Barnason S, Zimmerman L. (2000) A comparison of patient teaching outcomes among postoperative coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. ;10:11-20. Barnason S. , Zimmerman L. , Nieveen J.. Psychosocial aspects of cardiac care: The effects of music interventions on anxiety in the patient after coronary artery bypass grafting.Heart Lung 1995;24:124-132. Beckie T. A supportive-educative telephone program: Impact on knowledge and anxiety after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Heart Lung. 1989;18:46-55. Ben-Zur, Hasida, Rappaport, Batya, Ammar, Ronny, Uretzky, Gideon. Life Style Changes, And Pessimism After Open-Heart Surgery Health & Social Work, 03607283, Aug2000, Vol. 25, Issue 3 Bypass surgery and memory. (cover story) Harvard Heart Letter, Aug2005, Vol. 15 Issue 12, p1-2 Clark R E. et al. (1995).. Microemboli during coronary artery bypass grafting. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; 109:249–258.Cupples S. A. Effects of timing and reinforcement of preoperative education on knowledge and recovery of patients having coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Heart Lung. 1991;20:654-660. Dracup K. A.. The Effect of a Role Supplementation Program for Cardiac Patients and Spouses on Mastery of the At-Risk Role. Ann Arbor, Ml: University Microfilms International; 1982. Dissertati on. Gilliss CL, Gortner SR, Hauck WW, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, Tompkins C. A randomized clinical trial of nursing care for recovery from cardiac surgery. Heart Lung. 1993;22:125-133.Gortner SR, Gilliss CL, Shinn JA, Sparacino PA, et al (2000). Improving recovery following cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial. J Adv Nurs. 13:649-661. Heyer E. J. , Delphin E. , Adams D. C . et al. Cerebral dysfunction after cardiac operations in elderly patients. Annals ofThoracic Surgery 1995; 60:1716–1722. King, K. B. , Porter, L. A. , Norsen, L. H. , & Reis, H. T. (1992). Patient perceptions of quality of life after coronary artery surgery: Was it worth it? Research in Nursing and Health, 15, 327-334. King, K. B. , Reis, H. T. , Porter, L. A. , & Norsen, L.H. (1993). Social support and long-term recovery from coronary artery surgery: Effects on patients and spouses. Health Psychology, 12, 56-63. Kulik, J. A. , & Mahler, H. I. M. (1993). Emotional support as a moderator of adjustment a nd compliance after coronary artery bypass surgery: A longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 45-63. Lee, Y. C. et al. (2001). Symptomatic Persistent Post-Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Pleural Effusions Requiring Operative Treatment. CHEST, Vol. 119 Issue 3, p795-801. Lezak M. D. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd edn.New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Lyon, William J. ; Baker, Robert A. ; Andrew, Marie J. ; Tirimacco, Rosy; White, Graham H. ; Knight, John L. (2003). Relationship between elevated preoperative troponin T and adverse outcomes following cardiac surgery.. ANZ Journal of Surgery 1/2, p40-44. Marshall J, Penckofer S, Llewellyn J. Structured postoperative teaching and knowledge and compliance of patients who had coronary artery bypass surgery. HeartLung. 1986;15:76-82. McKhann GM, Goldsborough MA, Borowicz LM et al. Cognitive outcome after coronary artery bypass: a one year prospective study.Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1997; 63:510–515. Miller, K . H. ; Grindel, C. G, (2004). Comparison of Symptoms of Younger and Older Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.. Clinical Nursing Research, 3, p179-193 Moore SM. (2002) The effects of a discharge information intervention on recovery outcomes following coronary artery bypass surgery. Int J Nurs Stud. 33:181-189. Munro I. Two-year follow up study of coronary artery bypass surgery. Psychologic status, employment status and quality of life. Journal of Thoracic and CardiovascularSurgery 1998; 97:78–85.Newman M. F. , Croughwell N. D. , (1994). Blumenthal JA et al. Effect of aging on cerebral auto regulation during cardiopulmonary bypass – association with postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Circulation 90:243–249. Penckofer S, Llewellyn J. Adherence to risk-factor instructions one year following coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1989;3:10-24. Pick, B. , Molloy, A. , Hinds, C. , Pearce, S. , & Salmon, P. (1994). Post-operative fatigue fo llowing coronary artery bypass surgery: Relationship to emotional state and to the cathecholamine response to surgery.Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 599-607. Pugsley W, et al. (1994).. The impact of microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass on neuropsychological functioning. Stroke; 25:1393–1409. Remedios, C. (2003). The role of medical, demographic and psychosocial factors in the incidence of depression among coronary artery bypass patients. Australian Journal of Psychology, Supplement, Vol. 55, p8-13 Rice V. H. , Mullin M. H. , Jarosz P. (2001) Preadmission self-instruction effects on postadmission and postoperative indicators in CABG patients: Partial replication and extension.Res Nurs Health. 2; 15:253-259. Schaefer K. M. Swavely D, Rothenberger C, Hess S, Williston D. Sleep disturbances post coronary artery bypass surgery.. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 1996 Winter;11(1):5-14. Shaw P. J. , Bates D. , Cartlidge N. E. F. et al. Early intellectual dysfunction following coro nary bypass surgery. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, New Series 1986; 58:59–68. Soylu, M. et al. (2003). . Increased Dispersion of Refractoriness in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation in the Early Postoperative Period after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p28-31 Stump D. A. Selection and clinical significance of neuropsychologic tests. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1995; 59:1340–1344. Stump D. A. , Rogers A. T. , Hammon J. W. Neurobehavioural tests are monitoring tools used to improve cardiac surgeryoutcome. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1996; 61:1295–1296. Stump DA, Rogers A. T. , Hammon JW, Newman SP. Cerebralemboli and cognitive outcome after cardiac surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia 1996; 10:113–119. Symes, Emma; Maruff, Paul; Ajani, Andrew; Currie, Jon. (2000)Issues associated with the identification of cognitive change following coronary artery bypass grafting: Australia n & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 5, p770-784, Taylor, S. E. , & Aspinwall, L. G. (1993). Coping with chronic illness. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznitz (Eds. ), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects_(pp. 511-531) (2nd ed. ). New York: Free Press. Townes BD, Bashein G, Hornbein T. yF. et al. Neurobehavioural outcomes in cardiac operations – a prospective controlled study. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1989; 98:774–782. Treat-Jacobson, Diane; Lindquist, Ruth A. (2004).Functional Recovery and Exercise Behavior in Men and Women 5 to 6 Years Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery. Western Journal of Nursing Research 5, p479-498, Vanninen R, Aikia M, Kononen M. et al. (1998). Subclinical cerebral complications after coronary artery bypass grafting: prospective analysis with magnetic resonance imaging, qualitative electroencephalography and neuropsychological assessment. Archives of Neurology; 55:618–627. Whitman, G. R. Nursing-Sensitive Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery Patients, The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing: Volume 19(5) September/October 2004 p 293-298